dos. Content and methods
Data were collected using the WBQ tool from in the area of Athens, Greece from 473 individuals aged 16–86 (42 ± 18 years) (221 males) in summer and from 511 individuals aged 16–86 (38 ± 20 years) (245 males) in winter, stratified valkoiset miehet ja Latvian naiset by age and sex according to the Hellenic Statistical Authority . All volunteers were informed on the objectives of the study and the procedures involved and signed an informed consent. The retrieved data were confidential, and the study followed the ethical considerations provided by The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki). The WBQ incorporates a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire validated to record energy intake against three-day diaries (p
Particularly, new WBQ provides: (A) research to your reputation of the fellow member; (B) recording of application on the time of the earlier week of strong and you will fluid dinner, liquid otherwise drinks off a semi-quantitative dinner regularity survey (FFQ) away from 58 dishes validated to possess estimating time intake in addition to extra glucose and you can honey that is added to products; and (C) estimation of physical activity with their the newest All over the world Physical activity Survey (IPAQ) , hence details time of physical activity during the about three passion accounts (intense, modest, lighter get it done) or sedentary conditions. The brand new IPAQ could have been validated in past times because the a combination-federal tool to own tape exercise [20,21,22] and to imagine opportunity expenditure.
The power and liquid blogs out-of filed items and you will products are assessed utilizing the Diet plan Study Also (Wadsworth Publishing Co Inc., Belmont, Ca, USA), and therefore uses constitution data regarding the USDA Federal Nutrient Database and you will picked Greek delicacies (i.e., mousakas, pastitsio, Greek yogurt, lentiles kidney beans soups, multiple Greek pies, souvlaki, stuffed tomatoes) . Considering full energy consumption and energy expense, energy harmony was analyzed too.
Contained in this studies, “drinks” means fruits juices or packaged juices 100% in place of glucose stuff, sugar-sweet drinks (SSDs) (fresh fruit nectar which have glucose, sodas that have glucose and effort/isotonic products), low-calorie sodas, teas and you may herbal infusions, milk (a myriad of milk products, chocolate dairy and you will cocoa drink), milkshake and you can sherbets, coffee and java beverages, and liquor (beer, wines and all of brand of liquor). “Take in energy intake (DEI)” refers to energy consumption of beverages “overall energy intake (TEI)” to opportunity consumption out of most of the supplies and you may “opportunity intake from snacks” so you’re able to times intake regarding solid and liquid snacks (elizabeth.g., soups). The share out-of products teams so you’re able to total times consumption (analysis out-of Malisova mais aussi al. 2013), presented once the total intake of water (TWI), we.age., drinking water from drinks, drinking water, good and you will water delicacies and also as take in intake of water (DWI), we.elizabeth., liquids out-of drinks and you will liquid.
step 3. Statistical Research
Email address details are exhibited since suggest ± sd with the typically distributed parameters and you will average (P25–P75) into skewed of them. Normality is actually checked out by using the likelihood–opportunities spot (P–P plot) and you can histograms. Differences between people regarding the total time intake, time off beverages, opportunity of dinners, energy costs, energy balance, drinking habits, water regarding liquids and you will drinks, drinking water out of products, liquid out-of liquids, drinking water of foods, h2o losings and liquids balance was indeed examined on the independent sample t-decide to try on generally speaking distributed parameters plus the Mann-Whittney You-sample toward skewed of them. Likewise, differences when considering new four quartiles of your time of beverages were reviewed to your you to definitely-way ANOVA F-take to on the usually distributed details in addition to Kruskal-Wallis H Decide to try toward skewed of these. Benefit peak is actually place in the 5%. Correlations amongst the contribution out-of beverages to water intake in family members so you can energy into the winter and june have been checked out by Pearson’s otherwise Spearman’s correlation coefficients to own generally speaking marketed otherwise skewed details. All analytical analyses performed using PASW Statistics 18 (SPSS Inc, Chi town, IL, USA).